Risk Data Sources

Data drawn from the sources listed below, updated June 2025.

Statistics

References to country peers refer to all countries with the same country risk rating as defined below. Indicators on the business environment refer to infrastructure quality, governance and trade facilitation, where available. 

Nominal GDP:

IMF: World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025

Gross domestic product, current prices, data for 2024 calendar year.

GDP per capita:

IMF: World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025

Gross domestic product per capita, current prices, data for 2024 calendar year.

Real GDP growth:

IMF: World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025

5-year average forecast real GDP growth, 2026-2030. 

Australian exports to [Country]:

DFAT: Trade time series data | Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (dfat.gov.au)

Total goods and services exports to [Country], data for 2024 calendar year.

Top 3 goods exports:

DFAT: Trade statistical pivot tables | Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (dfat.gov.au)

Identifying the three largest merchandise exports to [Country], data for 2024 calendar year.

Australian imports from [Country]:

DFAT: Trade time series data | Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (dfat.gov.au)

Total goods and services imports from [Country], data for 2024 calendar year.

Top 3 goods imports:

DFAT: Trade statistical pivot tables | Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (dfat.gov.au)

Identifying the three largest merchandise imports from [Country], data for 2024 calendar year.

Australian investment into [Country]:

ABS: International Investment Position, Australia: Supplementary Statistics, 2023 | Australian Bureau of Statistics (abs.gov.au)

Table 5. Australian investment abroad, data for 2024 calendar year.

[Country] Investment into Australia:

ABS: International Investment Position, Australia: Supplementary Statistics, 2023 | Australian Bureau of Statistics (abs.gov.au)

Table 2. Foreign investment in Australia, data for 2024 calendar year.

Risk indicators

Country risk:

OECD: Country Risk Classification (oecd.org)

Private rating agencies: Credit Rating - Countries - List (tradingeconomics.com)

OECD Country Ratings from January 2025 are used where possible, supplemented with private rating agencies and EFA Country Ratings.

References to country peers refer to all countries with the same country risk rating as defined above. Indicators on the business environment refer to infrastructure quality, governance and trade facilitation, where available. 

Infrastructure quality:

World Bank: 2023 | Logistics Performance Index (LPI) (worldbank.org)

140 economies assessed using the most recent Logistics Performance Index (LPI) data in 2023. For some economies, data from 2018 is used due to lack of availability. Overall ranks are adjusted to provide a nominal rank, estimated from a congregation the LPI scores.

Governance risk:

World Bank: Home | Worldwide Governance Indicators

Average of the following dimensions of 2023 Worldwide Governance Indicators: control of corruption, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law, voice and accountability

Expropriation risk:

Credendo: Country risk | Credendo

Credendo’s expropriation risk assessment encompasses measures taken by a host government which may deprive an investor of its investment without compensation. Country risk summary table, updated April 8, 2025.

Political risk:

World Bank: Home | Worldwide Governance Indicators

Political Stability and Absence of Violence dimension of the 2023 Worldwide Governance Indicators.

Climate risk:

Notre Dame Research: Rankings // Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative // University of Notre Dame (nd.edu)

The ND-GAIN Country Index summarises a country’s vulnerability to climate change and other global challenges in combination with its readiness to improve resilience.

Sovereign credit risk:

S&P/Moody’s: Credit Rating - Countries - List (tradingeconomics.com)

The calculated rating takes the average of private sovereign credit risk ratings from S&P and Moody’s (rounded up where appropriate).

Financial development:

World Bank: Dataset Detail | Prosperity Data360 | Prosperity Data360 (worldbank.org)

The Financial Development Index aggregates and summarises how developed financial institutions and financial markets are in terms of depth, access and efficiency.

Trade facilitation:

OECD: Trade Facilitation Indicators 2022 edition | Compare your country

The average trade facilitation performance combines: information availability, involvement of the trade community, advance rulings, appeal procedures, fees and charges, documents, automation, procedures, internal border agency co-operation, external border agency co-operation and governance and impartiality.

Map:

Geographical information provided by Mapbox.